Assertion and Reason Practice Questions

5 questions per page • Detailed step-by-step solutions

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Question 41
Medium
In an optical fiber cable, light signals travel with zero loss of intensity over infinite distances.|Optical fiber communication relies on the principle of total internal reflection within the silica glass core.
A Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D (A) is false, but (R) is true.
E Both (A) and (R) are false.
Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is false; light suffers attenuation due to Rayleigh scattering, absorption by impurities (OH- ions), and macrobending losses; signals cannot propagate infinitely without repeaters/amplifiers. Reason (R) is true; optical fibers guide light through core-cladding total internal reflection. With (A) false and (R) true, option D is correct.
Question 42
Easy
Helium gas is used in preference to hydrogen gas in modern meteorological and reconnaissance balloons.|Helium has a higher lifting capacity per unit volume than hydrogen gas in standard atmospheric air.
A Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D (A) is false, but (R) is true.
E Both (A) and (R) are false.
Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true; helium is preferred because hydrogen is dangerously flammable and explosive. Reason (R) is false; hydrogen (molar mass 2 g/mol) is lighter than helium (4 g/mol) and has roughly 8% greater buoyant lift per cubic meter. Helium is chosen purely for fire safety, not superior lift. With (A) true and (R) false, option C is correct.
Question 43
Medium
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 represented a historic rapprochement between the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League.|Under the pact, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in provincial legislative councils.
A Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D (A) is false, but (R) is true.
E Both (A) and (R) are false.
Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true; Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah brokered joint Congress-League sessions. Reason (R) is true; Congress formally conceded separate electorates and fixed weightage in exchange for joint constitutional demands to the British. (R) was the crucial political concession enabling the alliance in (A).
Question 44
Easy
A person descending rapidly in a deep elevator experiences complete loss of mass.|Mass is a scalar physical quantity that remains invariant regardless of gravitational field changes or acceleration.
A Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D (A) is false, but (R) is true.
E Both (A) and (R) are false.
Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is false; descending rapidly decreases apparent WEIGHT (normal reaction), but mass (quantity of matter) remains totally unchanged. Reason (R) is true; inertial mass is an invariant scalar property independent of state of motion or local acceleration. With (A) false and (R) true, option D is correct.
Question 45
Hard
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India can audit the accounts of private corporations that operate under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects involving revenue-sharing with the government.|The Supreme Court of India held that public resources and revenue shares belonging to the Consolidated Fund of India fall within the constitutional audit remit of the CAG.
A Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C (A) is true, but (R) is false.
D (A) is false, but (R) is true.
E Both (A) and (R) are false.
Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

Assertion (A) is true; the Supreme Court affirmed in the Telecom Spectrum/PPP cases that private telecom and infrastructure operators sharing revenue with the exchequer can have their revenue books audited by CAG. Reason (R) is true; the court ruled that whenever natural resources or state revenues are involved, the CAG has jurisdiction under Article 149. (R) directly validates the judicial reasoning behind (A).
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